Going Below the Surface (GBTS) is a research-first endeavor dedicated to unearthing and examining the drivers of health care spending in the United States and convening a multiple-stakeholder discussion to better understand what we receive for these investments. The National Pharmaceutical Council launched GBTS in 2018 to broaden and improve the conversation around how we use health care resources in the United States. The initiative is aimed at better understanding the roots of the nation’s health investments by promoting a discussion that is firmly based on health policy and systems research. The goal is to provide clarity on how best to optimize health care spending so that patients receive the right care while simultaneously providing the right incentives to sustain next-generation innovation to improve patient well-being and health system efficiencies.